Chemical Thermodynamics

Learn how to calculate internal energy change (ΔU) using thermodynamic principles, including heat, work, and state functions in various systems.

Learn how to calculate thermodynamic work using W = -PΔV, relating pressure and volume change in gas processes for energy transfer analysis.

Learn how to calculate heat transferred using q = mcΔT, relating mass, specific heat, and temperature change in thermal energy calculations.

Learn how to calculate enthalpy change (ΔH) using formulas, bond energies, and Hess’s law for accurate thermodynamic analysis.

Learn how to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) using bond energies, Hess’s law, and thermochemical equations effectively.