Chemistry

Calculation of heat of dissolution (ΔH) reveals energy changes during solute melting into a solvent for precise thermal analysis.

Learn how common ions reduce solubility. Understand the equilibrium shift and calculate solubility changes in chemical solutions.

Master the step-by-step calculation of the solubility product (Ksp) for sparingly soluble salts with clear methods and practical examples.

Explore calculation of colligative properties: freezing point depression (ΔTf), boiling point elevation (ΔTb), and osmotic pressure (π) for solutions.

Calculate osmotic pressure (π = MRT) by analyzing solution molarity, temperature, and the gas constant to predict solvent flow accurately.