Chemistry

Learn how to calculate the energy change (ΔH) released or absorbed during chemical reactions using enthalpy concepts and reaction data.

Learn how to calculate reaction enthalpy (ΔH) using bond energies, Hess’s law, and calorimetry for accurate thermodynamic analysis.

Learn how to calculate Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG) to predict reaction spontaneity using enthalpy, entropy, and temperature values.

Learn how to calculate entropy change (ΔS) in thermodynamic processes with formulas, examples, and step-by-step explanations.

Learn how to calculate the equilibrium constant (Kc or Kp) for chemical reactions using concentration or partial pressure data effectively.