Calculation of the Amount of Substance (mol) from Mass or Volume
Learn how to calculate the amount of substance (mol) from mass or volume using formulas and molar relationships in chemistry.
Chemical Reactions
Calculation of the Number of Particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) in a Reaction
Learn how to calculate the number of particles—atoms, ions, or molecules—in a chemical reaction using moles, Avogadro’s number, and stoichiometry.
Calculation of Energy Released or Absorbed in a Reaction (ΔH)
Learn how to calculate the energy change (ΔH) released or absorbed during chemical reactions using enthalpy concepts and reaction data.
Calculation of Reaction Enthalpy (ΔH reaction)
Learn how to calculate reaction enthalpy (ΔH) using bond energies, Hess’s law, and calorimetry for accurate thermodynamic analysis.
Calculation of Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG)
Learn how to calculate Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG) to predict reaction spontaneity using enthalpy, entropy, and temperature values.